语法结构——被动语态

内 容 提 要

英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。英语中只有及物动词、动词短语和某些成语才能构成被动语态。被动语态的构成形式为“be＋动词的?ED分词”。在下列情况下用被动语态：不知道或不必要提出动作的执行者；强调动作的承受者；“get＋动词?ED分词”是被动词的特殊形式；某些系动词用主动表示被动；表示状态或特征的及物动词没有被动语态。总之，主动语态和被动语态是有一定区别的。

I被动语态的构成

被动语态的构成形式为“be＋动词的?ED分词”，随时态的不同，“be”发生相应的变化，下表是be在英语八种被动时态中的变化形式


　
一 般
完 成
进 行

现在
am，is，are + told
have(has) been + told
am，is，are + being told

过去
was，were+told
had been + told
was，were + being told

将来
will(shall) be + told
　
　

过去将来
would(should) be + told
　
　



II被动语态的用法

一、当我们不知道动作的执行者时

1) Colorful posters were in San Francisco in the 1960s to publicize rock shows.


［A］ print
［B］ prints
［C］ printed
［D］ printing


2) The main ［A］ stream of a river frequently is dividing ［B］ into two or more ［C］ branches near its mouth ［D］ .

二、当我们不必要指出动作的执行者时


3) The tenor drum(小鼓) is used primarily in military bands and is normally with small felt sticks.


［A］ play
［B］ played
［C］ to play
［D］ playing


4) I’ll take down your name and address in case you as a witness.


［A］ are needed
［B］ will be needed
［C］ need
［D］ will need


5) Cottage cheese， an American favorite ［A］ ， can made easily ［B］ at home ［C］ from milk ［D］ ，lemon， juice， and salt.

三、当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者时,这时我们通常用by引出动作的执行者


6) The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged to produce the desired blend of sounds from the various musical sections.


A the conductor of
B from the conductor
C the conductor and
D by the conductor


7) The bridge was hitting ［A］ by a large ship during ［B］ a sudden ［C］ storm last ［D］ week.

四、“get＋ed分词”的被动语态,这时习惯固定用法，这种结构往往更强调动作的结果而非动作的本身


8) “Your daughter has two children, doesn’t she?”
“That’s right. She in 1970.”


［A］ did marriage
［B］ was married
［C］ had married
［D］ got married


9) Supposing you five bottles of beer, do you think you would get drunk?


［A］ were drinking
［B］ have drunk
［C］ were to drink
［D］ drink

五、主动形式表示被动意义,如某些系动词如cook, feel, prove, smell和taste等其主动语态表示被动的意义


10) The patted?shoes that my wife bought me comfortable.


［A］ felt
［B］ feels
［C］ was felt
［D］ is felt


11) As ［A］ the proverb says ［B］ , “ Good medicine is tasted ［C］ bitter to ［D］ the mouth.”

六、没有被动语态的词， 表示状态或特征的及物动词如contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit等没有被动形式，另外，诸如happen, occur, take place, break out 等不及物动词或短语以及诸如result from(缘于)，belong to, consist of等只用主动语态，而不用被动语态


12) Some critics maintain that when ［A］ a work of literature is lacked ［B］ reference to ［C］ the general experience of mankind， it fails as art ［D］ .


13) The book that I bought ［A］ the day before ［B］ yesterday is costed ［C］ me twenty and a half yuan ［D］ .


［注］除此之外，某些词如反身代词和相互代词以及?ING和不定式不能作为被动语态的主语；某些被动语态没有相应的主动语态如“I was born in 1966.”。另外有些?ED分词已失去了被动的含义，它们和主语及“be”一起构成了主系表结构，如：be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at 等。穿着某种颜色的衣服一般说“be dressed in”，而不说“dress black clothes”， 但可以说“wear black clothes”。这些请大家在复习过程中也应加以注意。

七、例题解析


1) C为正确答案。我们不清楚是谁印的“彩色海报”。


2) B错，改为is divided。具体是谁把它分成两三个分支，我们并不知道。


3) B对。其实演奏小鼓的应是军乐队的人，但我们没必要提出来。


4) B为正确答案。“我”或“他人”需要“你”做证人，但“我”或“他人”没必要指出来，这里强调的是“需要”动作的承受者，而不是动作的使动者，所以用被动语态。


5) B错，改为can be made easily。制这种cottage cheese(酪农干酪)的人是家庭主妇或是做饭的人，这里我们也没必要指出。


6) D对。这里强调的是“交响乐中乐队队员的座位”是由指挥来安排的。这里不强调指挥，所以用被动语态。


7) A错。改为was hit。这里强调的是“桥”被撞坏后的情况，所以用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be＋?ED分词”，而不是“…＋?ING”分词，所以A错。如果只表述“撞”这件事，那就不用被动语态。


8) D为正确答案。这里不选B就是因为get＋?ED分词是惯用法。假设在没有D的情况下是可以选B的。


9) C为正确答案。我们需要说明的是句末的“you would get drunk”是惯用法，同时也是虚拟语气。那么虚拟式中的条件句应该用“be＋动词原形”表示将来，所以选C(关于虚拟语气将在下一章讲述)。


10) B为正确答案。这里的“穿起来舒服”是人穿起来舒服，那么鞋只能是被穿，但如果有上述系动词作谓语，英语习惯上用主动表示被动。


11) C错。改为tastes。“良药苦口”的“药”是被人吃的，但英语在由taste做谓语时也用主动语态表示被动。


12) B错。 改为lacks，因为lack没有被动语态。


13) C错。改为costs。

III 不同时态下的被动语态

一、一般现在时的被动语态


1) When overall exports ［A］ exceed imports ［B］ ， a country said ［C］ to have a trade ［D］ surplus.


2) Are all telephone numbers in the directory?


［A］ list
［B］ listed
［C］ listing
［D］ being listed

二、一般过去时的被动语态


3) The first zoological garden ［A］ in the United States ［B］ had estabilshed ［C］ in Ｐhiladelphia in 1874 ［D］ .


4) Ｐluto， the outermost planet of the solar system， photographically in Ｍarch 1930.


［A］ discovered
［B］ was discovered
［C］ by discovery
［D］ when discovered

三、一般将来时的被动语态


5) My pictures until next week.


［A］ won’t develop
［B］ aren’t developing
［C］ don’t develop
［D］ won’t be developed


6) Upon your graduation from school, how well will you for the job that lies ahead?


［A］ prepare
［B］ prepared
［C］ be prepared
［D］ are prepared


四、现在完成时的被动语态


7) Farm animals ［A］ have been regardless ［B］ by nearly all societies as a valuable ［C］ economic resource ［D］ .


8) How many wounded ［A］ soldiers are left out ［B］ there who haven’t operated ［C］ on ［D］ yet?

五、过去完成时的被动语态


9) Experiments in the photography of moving objects in both the Ｕnited Ｓtates and Europe well before 1900.


A have been conducting
B were conducting
C had been conducted
D being conducted

10) Gregory told Mary that he what he was doing during the vacation.


［A］ had just been asked
［B］ had just asked
［C］ was just asked
［D］ just asked

六、现在进行时的被动语态


11) The advantages of computerized typing ［A］ and editing ［B］ are now being extending ［C］ to all the written ［D］ languages of the world.


12) Conservative philosophers argue ［A］ that the very structure of society is threatening ［B］ by civil disobedience， while ［C］ humanists stress ［D］ the primacy of the individual conscience.

七、将来完成时的被动语态


13) Radio represtents a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and more types of radio?waves early by next century anywhere in the Galaxy.


［A］ discovers
［B］ will discover
［C］ will have discovered
［D］ will have been discovered

八、被动结构句子中，动作的执行者由介词by引导短语


14) A letter of credit is often used to ［A］ companies to finance ［B］ the movement ［C］ of goods ［D］ between countries.


15) All sewing was done with ［A］ hand until ［B］ the invention of ［C］ the sewing machine in ［D］ the nineteenth century.


16) The ceremony ［A］ of marriage in the ［B］ Ｕnited Ｓtates can be ［C］ performed from ［D］ a justice of the peace.

九、例题解析


1) C错。被动语态的构成为“be＋?ED分词”，故C应改为“(a) country is said”，由于是一般现在时，故be相应地变为is。


2) B为正确答案。空档处缺的是?ED分词。


3) C错。 应改为was established。 这时表示过去(in 1874)的被动语态。
4) B为正确答案。(理由同上)
5) D为正确答案。
6) C为正确答案。当“prepare”做“使有准备，为…做准备”讲时，一般用被动语态，如：Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disaster, and do everthing for the people. 备战备荒为人民。 be well prepared for sth. 对做某事有充分准备。 prepare sb. to hear the news 使某人对这消息有思想准备。
7) B错。改为regarded。be regarded as “被当做”，用被动语态，再者，B后有被动语态引导使动者的介词by。
8) C错。改为have not been operated。这里who引导的是定语从句修饰“soldiers”，同时它也是soldiers的先行词。伤兵是被做手术，所以用被动语态。
9) C对。“实验”(experiments)只能被人做，故只能用被动语态，符合此条件的只有C，而D 构成上有误。本句的时间状语为“before 1900”，因此从时态上说选C，应当用过去完成时。
10) A为正确答案。因为主句谓语动词用了过去式，宾语从句中应该用过去完成时，同时又是被动语态，所以选A。
11) C错。改为?ED分词“extended”，本句为现在进行时的被动语态，故其构成为“am／is／are being＋?ED分词”。
12) B错。本句应用被动语态，因为“社会结构(structure of society)”本身不可能发出“威胁”这个动作， 它只能受到外界的威胁，注意后面“by短语”的提示，故B应改为“is being threatened”(现在进行时被动态) ，也可改为“is threatened”(一般现在时被动态) 。
13) D为正确答案。这里指的是“无线电波”能体现出大部分电磁信号频谱，到下世纪初，更多的……。到那一时刻业已能做的事，要用将来完成时，又是被动语态，所以选D。
14) A错。改为“used by ”，因为“companies(公司) ”是使用“letter of credit(信用证) ”的行为者，故应用表行为者的介词“by”。
15) A错。 改为by。
16) D错。 改为performed by。

IV 被动语态的特殊结构

一、情态动词的被动结构由“情态动词＋be＋?ED分词”构成

1) Ground plans and contour(等高线) maps of the Earth from aerial photographs.

［A］ can be drawn
［B］ can draw
［C］ to draw
［D］ drawn

2) When ［A］ a spinning ball bounces， some of ［B］ the energy contained in its rotation can transferr ［C］ to its energy of forward motion ［D］ .

3) Orchestral instruments under the following types：strings，woodwind， brass， and percussion(打击乐器组).

［A］ grouped
［B］ can group
［C］ can be grouped
［D］ to be grouped

二、成语动词的被动语态

这里的成语动词包括“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”和“动词＋副词＋介词”

4) After a heated ［A］ discussion for ［B］ a long time that afternoon, a suggestion putted forward ［C］ by ［D］ the head of the committee.

5) It was quite obvious that ［A］ those problems were never paid ［B］ attention ［C］ by ［D］ designers.

三、主动语态与被动语态的混淆

6) Highly precise ［A］ measurements have been shown ［B］ that variation in ［C］ the Earth’s rotation is largely controlled by climatic conditions ［D］ .

7) Great changes in the city, since the reform and opening to the outside world, and a lot of factories .

［A］ have been taken place, have been set up
［B］ have taken place, have been set up
［C］ have taken place, have set up
［D］ were taken place, were set up

8) Ｍild forms of exercise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.

［A］ stop
［B］ to stop
［C］ stopping
［D］ be stopped


四、例题解析

1) A为正确答案。

2) C错。本题含有情态动词，由于主语(energy)与谓语动词(can transfer)之间存在着被动关系，所以，本句C处应改为“can be transferred”。

3) C对。判断主被动语态，关键要看主语能否发出谓语动词的动作。本句的主语“乐器”显然不能自己“分组”，而是被分为…。故用被动态。

4) C错。改为was putted forward。

5) C错。改为attention to。pay attention to是一固定词组，不能丢失小品词to。

6) B错。改为“have shown”。原句主句选用了现在完成时的被动语态，而主语“测量结果”分明能自己显示“show”，故应用主动语态才对。全句译为：“高度精确的测量结果显示地球转动的变化主要受气候条件的控制。”

7) B对。take place是不及物动语短语，它的主语为事或物，故用主动语态，因为有since 介词短语，所以这里用完成时，不用过去时。后半句主语factories 与谓语set up之间的关系是被动关系，故用被动语态，B 为正确答案。

8) A对。和上例相同，主语“锻炼”本身也能起到“stop…flexibility”的作用，故应选主动语态。

虚 拟 语 气

内 容 提 要
语气是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。虚拟语气表示说话者的主观愿望、假想和建议等，所说的话有的与现在事实相反，或与过去事实相反，或与将来事实相反或与将来事实可能相反。所以虚拟语气总是与假设条件句用在一起。除了if条件句外，还有几种常用的条件句，短语也可表示条件。此外，上下文也能创造虚拟的语言环境。但有时条件从句与结果主句可能发生时间不一致，有时虚拟语气会出现倒装情况。除了与条件句在一起使用的主句用虚拟语气外，有些宾语从句或表语从句也有用虚拟语气的情况。

I虚拟语气的形式与基本用法

一、虚拟语气的形式

虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面四类


假设类型
条件从句谓语
动词形式
主语谓语
动词形式

与现在事实相反
动词的过去式(be用were而不用was)
would(第一人称可用should)
+动词原形

与过去事实相反
had+ -ED分词
would(第一人称可用should)
+have + -ED分词

与将来事实相反
were to + 动词原形
would(第一人称可用should)
+动词原形

与将来事实可能相反
should + 动词原形
would(第一人称可用should)
+动词原形



二、虚拟语气的基本用法

1. 与现在的事实相反

1) What type of automobile would you buy ？

［A］ if you have free choice to choose the cars available today
［B］ if you are free to choose among all the cars available today
［C］ if all cars available were free to be chosen by you
［D］ if you were free to choose among all the cars available today

2. 与过去的事实相反(有时主句中的should have done表示责备或后悔)

2) ，he would have come to class.

［A］ If Mike is able to finish his homework
［B］ Would Mike be able to finish his homework
［C］ If Mike could finish his homework
［D］ If Mike had been able to finish his homework

3) If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14％ still further.

［A］ would rise
［B］ would risen
［C］ would have risen
［D］ had risen

4) Top?grade ［A］ diamonds had not ［B］ increased so sharply ［C］ in value in the late seventies ［D］ if one company had not controlled almost all of the world’s supply.

3. 与将来的事实相反

5) The report would be ［A］ released last January if new developments had not ［B］ made it necessary to revise all conclusions drawn from ［C］ the first series of ［D］ experiments.

6) It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I ask him to go to your place.

［A］ will
［B］ would
［C］ shall
［D］ might

7) If you to see Mary，what would you tell her?

［A］ are
［B］ will be going
［C］ must
［D］ were

4. 与将来的事实可能相反

(1) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是万一 明天下雨，我就呆在家里不出去。 事实上 现在天气很好，明天下雨的可能性应该不大，不过也说不准。

(2) If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it. 如果下周一我能见到她的话我就把这件事告诉她。

三、例题解析

1) D为正确答案。

2) D为正确答案。

3) C为正确答案。

4) B错。改为would have not。

5) A错。改为would have been。

6) B为正确答案。

7) D为正确答案。

II 虚拟语气的特殊表现形式

一、表示“好像”：除了if条件从句外，由as if和as though等引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”,这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。其动词形式用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反

1) Violetta has a curious ［A］ expression on ［B］ her face as though she was smiling ［C］ about something that amused her ［D］ .

二、特殊连词的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should＋加动词原形)
We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry. (我们不敢跟王先生开玩笑，恐怕他生气。)

He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match. (他加紧步伐，生怕在急行军中掉队。)

Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel that he is inferior to my other guests. (我对他特别关照，唯恐他感觉到比我的其他客人低人一等。)

He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加紧学习唯恐考试不及格。)

三、介词短语表示虚拟： 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。如 but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设

He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。)

We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。)

2) But for his help，I .

［A］ should not have succeeded
［B］ had not succeeded
［C］ did not succeed
［D］ have not succeeded

3) The complex society of a modern ［A］ civilization would be ［B］ impossible not having ［C］ the art of writing ［D］ .

4) But that he came to help me, I .

［A］ could not have succeeded
［B］ did not succeed
［C］ could not succeed
［D］ can’t but succeed

四、虚拟错综条件句：上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，如果主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整

If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。(主句与过去事实相反，从句与现在事实相反。) I am very sorry if I had done anything wrong to you, but I am sure that it was unintentional.(如果我当时对你作错了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。但我敢保证我不是故意的。)

5) If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of this country so serious.

［A］ wouldn’t be
［B］ will not have been
［C］ wouldn’t have been
［D］ would have not been

6) If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently .

［A］ you will find any difficulty now
［B］ you would have found any difficulty now
［C］ you would find any difficulty now
［D］ you have find any difficulty now

五、省略虚拟条件句：虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could, might), had等词时，可以省略连词If, 但要将were或should(could, might), had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装(参见第十三章“倒装句”)

7) today, he would get there by Thursday.

［A］ He is starting out
［B］ If he starts out
［C］ Would he start out
［D］ Were he to start out.

8) ，John would not have failed.

［A］ If he has listened to me
［B］ Had he listened to me
［C］ If he listened to me
［D］ As soon as he listened to me

9) I known it，I should have told him.

［A］ Have
［B］ Had
［C］ Having
［D］ If

10) Hadn’t my car broken down，I the train.

［A］ should have caught
［B］ might catch
［C］ could catch
［D］ had caught

六、例题解析

1) C错。 改为were smiling。

2) A为正确答案。

3) C错。 改为without。

4) A为正确答案。

5) A为正确答案。

6) C为正确答案。

7) D为正确答案。

8) B为正确答案。

9) B为正确答案。

10) A为正确答案。

III 从句中须用虚拟语气的情况

一、在wish的宾语从句中

1. 动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟语气表示一种不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中用过去时(be 用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去相反

She wishes she had more money. (她真希望有更多的钱。) / I wish I didn't say that. (要是我不说这件事就好了。) / I wished I were not so worried. Then I would not have had the accident. ( 我要是不那么忧郁就好了，那也就不会发生那场事故了。)

1) I wish I knew ［A］ you were arriving ［B］ today. I would have met ［C］ you at ［D］ the station if I had.

2) She wishes that we didn’t send ［A］ her the candy ［B］ yesterday because ［C］ she’s on ［D］ a diet.

3) My brother is in ［A］ California on ［B］ vacation，but I wish he was ［C］ here so that he could help me repair my car ［D］ .

2. 当wish的宾语从句表示一种愿望、要求时，可用过去时，也可用would＋动词原形

I wish you would stay here longer. (我希望你在这儿多呆一会。) / She wishes you wouldn't go. (她希望你不要走。)

3. would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿), had rather(宁愿) 等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时

4) I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.

［A］ do
［B］ didn’t do
［C］ don’t
［D］ didn’t

5) I rather you did it.

［A］ had
［B］ should
［C］ shall
［D］ have

6) I much rather it was forgotten.

［A］ will
［B］ could
［C］ would
［D］ shall

二、在某些特殊概念词的宾语从句中：一些表示提议、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于它们本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。这些词可分为下列几类

1. 下列动词后“that”引导的宾语从句

suggest(建议)， propose (提议)， recommend(建议)， move (提议)， advise(建议)， insist(坚持)， urge(极力主张)， ask, require, request(要求), demand, desire, order, command(命令), decide, intend(打算)， prefer(宁愿)， urge(敦促)。

7) The chairman requested that .

［A］ the members studied more carefully the problem
［B］ the problem was more carefulnessly studied
［C］ with more carefulness the problem could be studied
［D］ the members study the problem more carefully

8) The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting.

［A］ would be discussed
［B］ will be discussed
［C］ be discussed
［D］ may be discussed

9) The doctor insisted that his patient .

［A］ that he not work too hard for three months
［B］ take it easy for three months
［C］ taking it easy inside of three months
［D］ to take some vacations for three months

When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ” (当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)

He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)

One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English?speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)

2. 下列表示主张、要求、命令、愿望、建议等概念结构后的主语从句或逻辑上的主从结构(如下列形容词作宾语从句的补足语时，这时宾语从句一般用it来代替)：这时that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should ＋ 动词原形”或省略should，只用动词原形

it is necessary 【 essential (重要的)， vital(极重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必须的)，urgent(紧要的)，advisable(应该的)，proper(适当的)，obligatory (必须的)，desirable(今人满意的，值得的)，appropriate(合适的)，fitting (合适的), strange (奇怪)】that…； it is(was, has been) desired 【suggested , requested, ordered , proposed, dicided】 that … .

10) From the standpoint of the long?term strategic interest of the West it is imperative that .

［A］ their territorial unity being a safeguard
［B］ their unity is a territorial safeguard
［C］ they’re a territorial safeguard
［D］ their territorial unity be a safeguard

11) The irritable ［A］ sergeant was ［B］ insistent that nothing supersedes ［C］ the drilling(训练) of the forty new men ［D］ .

12) It is extremely ［A］ necessary that you will realize ［B］ that reading is not only ［C］ a physical ［D］ and metal process.

3. 下列表示主张、要求、命令等概念的名词后面可以跟接“that”引导的表语从句和同位语从句。这种由that引导的从句其谓语动词通常用should＋动词原形或省略should。这类词有：order, request, requiremetn, insistence，suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion(提议)，proposal(建议)，recommendation(建议)，understanding(协议), resolution(决定，决议)

13) The judge assented to the suggestion that .

［A］ both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
［B］ some of the criminals there are of guilt only
［C］ the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
［D］ the prisoner be sentenced to death

4. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等

I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。

14) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?

［A］ It is believed
［B］ Should they believe
［C］ They would believe
［D］ If they would believe

15) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.

［A］ will leave
［B］ may leave
［C］ leave
［D］ leaves

5. 另外，在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装

If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)

Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)

16) ,I will take her as my wife.

［A］ Were she rich or poor
［B］ Being rich or poor
［C］ Be she poor or rich
［D］ Whether is she poor or rich

但如果把引导词去掉，我们就要用倒装句，如上述几句可变为
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.

三、it is (high) time， ［该(必须)做……］等词或短语后面的 从句 中的谓语动词应使用过去时表示虚拟语气

It is high time that you went home. (你们现在必须回家了。)

It is high time that this wrong spending .

［A］ checks
［B］ checked
［C］ was checked
［D］ is to check

答案： C。

此外，还有省去了结果主句的虚拟结构，一般表示愿望，如： If only I were five years younger! (要是能年轻5岁就好了。) / If only she had never been married. (要是她从没有结婚就好了。)

四、例题解析

1) A错。改为had known。第二句的条件从句(if I had)其实是省略句，完整的句子应为if I had known you were arriving today，所以A处为had known。

2) A错。改为hadn’t sent。

3) C错。改为were。

4) B为正确答案。

5) A为正确答案。

6) C为正确答案。

7) D 为正确答案。

8) C为正确答案。

9) B为正确答案。

10) D为正确答案。

11) C错。改为(should) supersede。

12) B错。改为realize。

13) D为正确答案。

14) B 为正确答案。

15) C 为正确答案。

16) C为正确答案。

语 法 结 构- 情 态 动 词


内 容 提 要

情态动词有can(能),may(可以),must(必须),have to(不得不),ought to(应该),dare(敢),used to(过去经常),had better(最好),would rather(宁愿)。在肯定句中它们后边都要接 动词原形 。在否定句中，can,may,must和dare后边加not；have to和ought to分别在have和ought后加not；used to的否定式可用used not to，也可用didn't use to，但后者用得较多；had better和would rather的否定式分别是had better not和would rather not。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。

I 肯定句和否定句中的情态动词

一、情态动词的现在式在肯定句中的比较

1. can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性”

1) Mild forms of execrise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.

［A］ stop
［B］ to stop
［C］ stopping
［D］ be stopped

但表示人体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able to

He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。

2. may表示“允许，可以”，相当于be allowed to

2) If there is social or political change in a region ［A］ where a standard language ［B］ is spoken, local varieties ［C］ of the language may developing ［D］ .

may或might可和as well连用，表示“建议”，译为“还是……的为好”

You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。

You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。

3. must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”

3) The formation of snow must be occurring ［A］ slowly ［B］ ， in calm air， and at a temperature near ［C］ the freezing point ［D］ .

4. have to 加动词原形，表示“不得不”，“必须”，它比must更强调客观

Tom had to work into the deep night everyday to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。

5. should 表示“劝告”，“建议”或“义务”时，译作“应当”，或表示“预测”和“可能”
He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母亲老了，不能自理，他应当照顾他们。

He should be there now. 他可能到了。

should have done在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔”［参见第三章第一节、二、2.］。

6. ought ，只有一种形式，即ought后必须加to，然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或“必要”做某事，译为“应当，应该”

4) The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are,not how they ought .

［A］ to
［B］ to be
［C］ be
［D］ have been

5) You are quite right;I am inferring in my comments ［A］ that McGraw had not ought to ［B］ have broken ［C］ in the room without his permission ［D］ .

7. dare 可以用作情态动词，后面跟不带to的动词不定式，这主要用于否定句中，它本身可有现在时第三人称单数，词尾加?s，它还可以有?ING分词形式(daring)和过去式及?ED分词形式(dared)

6) Although Oriental ideas of woman’s subordination to man prevailed in those days,she meet with men on an equal basis.

［A］ did not dared
［B］ dared not
［C］ dared not to
［D］ did dare not to

二、情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法

can't(can not, cannot) 表示“不可能”， may not 表示“不可以”， mustn't(must not) 表示“一定不要”，“不许可”，needn't (need not) 表示“不必”，dare not ＋动词原形 表示“不敢”

He can't finish his essay by this time. 现在他不可能写完论文。

He may not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉。

You mustn't criticize her in that way. 你不应那样批评她。

You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。

He dared not meet his fiancée. 他不敢见女朋友。

三、例题解析

1) 正确答案为A。由于情态动词can要求跟动词原形，所以B和C都不对，can后虽然有被动形式，但在意义上和语法上与横线后部分都无法衔接，所以D也错。

2) D错。改为develop。may后要求跟动词原形，而developing是现在分词，显然不符合要求，所以应改为develop。

3) A错。改用 must occur，此处叙说的是客观现象，而非强调正在发生的事，故用一般现在时。

4) B为正确答案。

5) B错。改为ought not to。

6) B为正确答案。

II 情态动词与完成时的使用

一、must+have+?ED分词：用于肯定句，表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测，表示“肯定，一定”

1) It around nine o’clock when I drove back home because it was already dark.

［A］ had to be
［B］ must have been
［C］ was to be
［D］ must be

2) John’s score on the test is the highest in the class;

［A］ he should study last night
［B］ he should have studied last night
［C］ he must have studied last night
［D］ he must had to study last night

3) After searching ［A］ for evidence in the house,the police concluded ［B］ that the thief must have come in ［C］ through the window and stole ［D］ the silver while the family was asleep.

二、may (might)+have+?ED分词：用于肯定句和否定句，表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测，相当于“可能，大概，”其中might较may 语气更弱，把握更小

She might have gone to see her doctor last week, but I am not sure.上星期或许她去看医生了，但我不敢肯定。

Don’t worry， your husband may not have been hurt seriously. 别急，你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。

三、should(ought to)+have+?ED分词：肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生；否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为“本应，”后者为“本不该”

You should have apologized to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本应向她道歉，说明为什么没能及时回信。(可你没这么做)

4) You yesterday if you were really serious about your work.

［A］ ought to come
［B］ ought to be coming
［C］ ought to have come
［D］ ought have come

四、can(not) +have+?ED分词

He is an hour late —— He can have been delayed by fog. Of course,that’s a possibility.他迟到了1小时，可能因为大雾而耽搁了。当然这只是可能性问题。

The poem can not have been written by her since she was only five years old then.这诗不可能是她写的，因为她那时才5岁。

五、“could+have+?ED分词”有时用于表示过去的时间，说明某事可能或不可能已发生；有时可表示过去本来可以做某事，但却未做

I simply can’t understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。

He walked there,but he could have taken a taxi. 他走着去了，可当时完全可以坐出租。

“couldn’t+have+?ED分词”还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到

I couldn’t have called you. I wasn’t near a telephone. 反正我也不可能给你打电话，我附近没有电话。

5) “We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.”“He it.”

［A］ mustn’t attended
［B］ couldn't have attended
［C］ would have not attended
［D］ needn’t have attended

六、needn’t+have+?ED分词：表示对过去不必做的事情却做了，可译为“其实不必”

6) You all these parcels yourself.The shop would have delivered them if you had asked a shop assistant.

［A］ didn’t need to carry
［B］ needn’t have carried
［C］ needn’t carry
［D］ didn’t need carry

七、used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在否定陈述句中，一般用didn't use to，也可用used not to；在疑问句中用“Did…use to”。used to还可与never,often,always等连用。注意used to与be used to的不同，后者表示be accustomed to “习惯于某种状态”，而且跟接名词或?ING形式，而used to后接动词原形，试比较

He used to drink. 表示“他过去经常喝酒”而现在不喝了。

He is used to wine (He is used to drinking wine) at each meal. 表示“他现在已养成习惯，每顿饭喝点葡萄酒。”

八、had better表示“最好……”，后接动词原形，其否定式为had better not＋动词原形

You had better not follow his behavior. 你最好不要学他。

九、would rather 意思是“宁愿”，表示选择。它有两种用法，

一是在肯定句中后边直接跟动词原形，其否定句是在would rather 后加not,即 would rather not＋动词原形；

二是它后边可以跟接从句，该从句的谓语动词用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。由于would rather表示选择，它后边可跟接than

She would rather sleep than talk rubbish. 她宁愿睡不愿闲聊。

7) “Did you criticize him for his mistakes?”——“Yes,but it.”

［A］ I’d rather not do
［B］ I’d rather not doing
［C］ I’d rather not have done
［D］ I’d rather not did

［注］ would rather和had rather都表示“宁愿”，在用法上也没有区别。但如果说would rather与had rather完全一样(Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English 如是说)，这一说法有争议。其实had rather在现代标准英语中几乎已经不用了。这对我们考试来说是比较重要的，因为一般考题作为标准英语是不用had rather的。

十、例题解析

1) B为正确答案。

2) C为正确答案。

3) D错。改为stolen。这里C处和D处是并列的谓语，D处相当于must have stolen。

4) C为正确答案。

5) B为正确答案。

6) B为正确答案。

7) C为正确答案。

谢谢　
抱走拉　
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